Our key ETF definitions will help you better understand ETF investing

The simplicity of investing in ETFs holds a lot of appeal for many investors. We’ve compiled a list of ETF definitions so you can determine if ETFs are right for your portfolio.

What does ETF mean?

ETF is an acronym for exchange-traded fund. These exchange-traded funds are used to track indexes as closely as possible, since investors cannot actually buy an index outright.

Investors use ETFs in a variety of ways, and some investors work only with ETFs and no other type of investment in portfolio creation.

A great aspect of ETFs is their diversity. Some investors may create an entire portfolio solely from a few well-diversified ETFs.

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How ETFs work

ETFs trade on stock exchanges, just like stocks. Investors can buy them on margin, or sell them short. That’s different from mutual funds, which you can only buy at the end of the day at a price that reflects the fund’s value at the close of trading. ETFs are also very liquid.

The best exchange-traded funds offer well-diversified, tax-efficient portfolios with exceptionally low management fees.

Prices of ETFs are quoted in newspaper stock tables and online. You pay brokerage commissions to buy and sell them, but their low management fees give them a cost advantage over most mutual funds.

As well, shares are only added or removed when the underlying index changes. As a result of this low turnover, you won’t incur the regular capital gains taxes generated by the yearly distributions most conventional mutual funds pay out to unit-holders.

ETF Definition #1: Short ETFs

Short ETFs are exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that are “set up to move in the opposite direction of particular stock indexes”. A short ETF is designed to rise in value as the underlying market index falls: if the index falls by 1%, the shares of the ETF should rise by 1% and so on. Known as “short ETFs” or “bear market ETFs” they may appeal to some investors during volatile markets.

However, as a general rule, we advise against short selling as much as we advise against options trading, leverage, currency speculation and bond trading. In all of these activities, it’s a rare investor who makes enough profit to compensate for the risk involved. Our view is that if you like the outlook for a market index, you should invest in stocks that will profit from a rise in that index.

Institutional investors, particularly hedge funds, sometimes carry out around 60% of all trading in leveraged and inverse-leveraged investments. They generally use them as part of complicated multi-investment trading gambits. They also trade frequently, and in large quantities. This reduces the percentage costs of this kind of trading. However, the trading costs still tend to eat up the invested capital.

One added concern is counterparty risk. That’s the chance the other party in a contract to repurchase securities will default on their obligations. Counterparty risk increases during times of extreme market volatility.

ETF Definition #2: Leveraged ETFs

There are a number of ETFs and other types of investments that aim to offer a two-for-one leveraged bet on the direction of oil prices and other commodity or index prices. These are leveraged ETFs. Others offer an inverse bet—they aim to go twice as fast as the underlying commodity, index or whatever, but in the opposite direction.

As a general rule, we advise against investing in leveraged ETFs, or anything that requires successful market timing. That includes short selling, options trading, or short term trading of any sort. In all of these activities, it’s a rare investor who makes enough profit to compensate for the risk involved. That’s why we don’t suggest investing in this or any leveraged ETF.

You can get lucky in anything. But in investments like these, you won’t get lucky enough, often enough, to overcome the built-in costs.

ETF Definition #3: What are “new” ETFs?

ETFs are exchange-traded funds that aim to copy the performance of a particular stock index. Most of the model indices were well-known, widely followed collections of actively traded stocks.

However, new exchange traded funds aim to broaden investment opportunities for investors, and at the same time create new profit opportunities for the financial companies that sponsor them.

As a result, many new ETFs focus on mimicking much narrower indices and higher-risk strategies, instead of giving you a low-cost way to copy the results of a standard market index. They may give you a way to invest in a particular foreign stock market—coupled, in many cases, with an arrangement that hedges against movements in the foreign currency in which that foreign market carries on its trading. Or they may give you a way to participate in a particular stock-market strategy or a narrow niche such as solar power.

A new ETF typically carries a higher MER than an old one. Based solely on MERs, they’re still cheaper to invest in than conventional mutual funds—but many new ETFs need to delve into frequent trading or derivatives of various sorts to accomplish their stated objectives.

We believe investment quality varies just as widely with new ETFs as it does with new stock issues. Only a handful of them are worth holding, and only if you find their investment premise irresistible. Otherwise, you can find better investments.

Tips for trading ETFs

• ETFs can be volatile, even with the diversification they typically offer.
• Know how broadly diversified the fund is so you can determine its volatility. The broader the ETF, the less volatility in general it will have.
• Know the economic stability of countries when investing in international ETFs.
• Know the liquidity of ETFs you invest in.
• Consider buying ETFs in a lump sum, rather than a number of small amounts, to avoid higher brokerage fees.

Follow our three-part Successful Investor strategy

Limit your risk with ETF investments by investing in ETFs that follow the basics of our three-part Successful Investor strategy:

• Invest mainly in well-established companies;
• Spread your money out across most if not all of the five main economic sectors (Manufacturing & Industry; Resources & Commodities; the Consumer sector; Finance; Utilities);
• Downplay or avoid stocks in the broker/media limelight.

Do you have additional ETF definitions to share with this community of investors? Please share your thoughts in the comments.

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